What Is Holistic Admissions?

Holistic admissions, also called holistic review, is a process that considers the whole applicant, not just grades or test scores.

The term was first highlighted by the U.S. Supreme Court in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003). It was defined as a “highly individualized review of each applicant’s file, giving serious consideration to the ways an applicant might contribute to a diverse educational environment.”

The College Board describes holistic review as a “flexible, highly individualized process by which balanced consideration is given to the multiple ways in which applicants may prepare for and demonstrate suitability.”

Similarly, the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) defines medical school admissions as “mission-aligned admissions or selection processes that take into consideration applicants’ experiences, attributes, and academic metrics as well as the value an applicant would contribute to learning, practice, and teaching.”

Using the holistic review approach, colleges want to understand who you are beyond your transcript. Your experiences, challenges you’ve overcome, character, leadership, creativity, and potential contributions all matter. Your individuality matters, and the admissions process is designed to see and appreciate the full scope of who you are.

What does it mean for college applicants like you?

Strong grades and test scores are important, but they are only one part of your application. The holistic admissions process recognizes that you bring a unique combination of talents, perspectives, and experiences. Your essays, letters of recommendation, extracurriculars, and personal experiences give context to your academic record and show how you could enrich the campus community.

Holistic admissions do not lower the standards. In fact, they improve the way admissions officers evaluate an applicant’s potential. Because students often feel anxious about being “just a number,” the holistic review exists to ensure your story is heard.

When colleges review applications, they look at both your academic performance and how you might contribute to campus life.

Research from the College Board shows admissions officers consider almost 30 academic and over 70 non-academic factors, so both “hard” and “soft” parts of your application count.

Academic Factors (Hard Factors)

These include your:

• GPA and grade trends, with upward improvement over time, are especially valuable.
• Course rigor, such as Advanced Placement (AP), International Baccalaureate (IB), or honors classes, shows how you challenge yourself.
• Class rank, if available, provides context within your high school.

Standardized test scores, if you submit them, give another way to show your readiness for college.
Admissions officers also consider your high school’s context, such as the classes and materials it offers.

Personal Factors (Soft Factors)

• Colleges want to see more than just numbers; they want to get to know who you really are.
• Your personal essays and statements let you share your voice and experiences.
• Being involved in extracurricular activities and showing leadership highlights your initiative and impact.
• Letters of recommendation offer insight into your character and skills.

Showing interest in the college, along with qualities like resilience, curiosity, and empathy, all help your application. Your work, family responsibilities, and other commitments show maturity and responsibility.

Contextual Factors

Admissions officers also think about your broader background, including:

• your socioeconomic background
• where you live
• whether you’re the first in your family to attend college
• and any life challenges you’ve faced and overcome

Special talents, personal situations, and unique viewpoints can also make your application stand out. By considering both scholastic and personal factors, colleges aim to select students who can prosper in their programs while improving the campus community.

Inclusive admissions ensure your story, experiences, and possible contributions are recognized alongside your scholastic accomplishments.

At selective colleges, the admissions process aims to evaluate each applicant carefully, fairly, and with context in mind.

Usually, your application is read several times, usually by two or three admissions officers, to get a well-rounded view. Each reader gives numerical ratings and writes detailed summaries that highlight your academic achievements, personal qualities, and potential contributions. This information is then discussed in committee meetings, where final decisions are made.

Many schools use a committee-based evaluation process. In these meetings, admissions officers review applications together, allowing them to consider not only your individual strengths but also how you and other applicants fit into the overall makeup of the incoming class.

Context is very important in the review process. Admissions officers don’t look at your accomplishments alone. Instead, they think about the opportunities you have:

For example:

• The difficulty of courses and resources available at your high school
• Work, family, or community responsibilities you have
• Your socioeconomic background, whether you’re a first-generation college student, and where you live

The goal is to choose students who have the potential to succeed academically and add value to the campus community. Stanford University highlights this idea: “We pay careful attention to your unique circumstances. We take into account your background, educational pathway, and work and family responsibilities.”

This way, the same achievement is understood differently for each applicant, ensuring students are judged fairly.

Nearly all selective higher education institutions—including Ivy League schools, Stanford, MIT, top liberal arts colleges, and most state flagship universities—use some form of holistic review when evaluating applicants.

Holistic review allows admissions officers to look beyond grades and test scores to understand the full context of a student’s achievements, experiences, and potential contributions to campus life.

Different types of institutions emphasize different factors depending on their missions and goals:

Research universities: May place greater weight on academic rigor, advanced coursework, and research potential, as well as achievements in STEM fields.

Liberal arts colleges: Often prioritize intellectual curiosity, creativity, writing and communication skills, and contributions to a collaborative community.

Public universities: May assess in-state and out-of-state applicants differently, balancing access, enrollment goals, and diversity.

Institutional approach: Some schools follow a more structured or formulaic method, assigning numerical weights to factors like GPA, test scores, and extracurriculars. Others rely on more subjective, committee-based discussions to evaluate the applicant’s overall potential.

To understand what each school values, you should research admissions priorities carefully. Useful strategies include:

• Reviewing the Common Data Set (Section C7) for information on the relative importance of grades, test scores, essays, recommendations, and extracurricular involvement.
• Reading school-specific admissions blogs and reports.
• Attending virtual information sessions or consulting the admissions office directly.

Remember that open-admission schools generally do not use holistic review. These institutions admit students who meet minimum academic criteria, such as GPA or standardized test thresholds, without considering broader personal experiences or context.

College applicants like you must showcase the full breadth of your potential. while maximizing your chances of being admitted to the colleges where you can thrive academically.

In recent years, many selective colleges have started test-optional or test-flexible policies. You can decide whether to include standardized test scores, such as the SAT or ACT, in your applications.

The aim is to lower the barriers for students who might not do well on these tests while keeping high admissions standards.

With a test-optional system, other parts of your application—like GPA, course difficulty, personal essays, recommendation letters, and activities outside of class—usually matter more. Admissions officers use these to judge your academic suitability and personal qualities when test scores aren’t included.

Important reminder: “Holistic review” doesn’t mean test scores don’t count. If you submit them, they’re still part of the overall evaluation.

You should think carefully about when to submit your test scores:

• Send your scores if they’re strong and will boost your application.
• Hold back your scores if they don’t show your true academic abilities or if your application is already strong in other ways.
• Check each school’s policy carefully, as some have returned to requiring tests, while others remain fully test-optional.

Many people think test-optional means tests don’t matter at all. Actually, admissions officers do look at scores if you send them. The key difference is that you won’t be penalized if you decide not to submit your scores.

By knowing when to send your scores and how they fit into the wider holistic review, you can put together your strongest, most complete application. Make sure all parts of your scholarly and personal achievements receive fair consideration.

Holistic admissions has been shaped by a series of important court cases, which guide how colleges look beyond grades and test scores to see the whole applicant.

In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), the Supreme Court decided that race could be considered as one factor among many, but strict racial quotas were not allowed. This decision allowed universities to consider broader aspects of applicants beyond purely academic metrics.

In Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), the Court officially recognized holistic review, upholding the University of Michigan Law School’s individualized approach. The ruling affirmed that admissions decisions could evaluate applicants through individualized review rather than rigid formulas.

That same year, Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) struck down the University of Michigan’s point-based system for undergraduates, making it clear that mechanical formulas don’t satisfy the need for individualized review.

The Fisher v. University of Texas cases (2013 and 2016) refined the rules, explaining strict scrutiny requirements for any use of race. Schools must show that every applicant is evaluated individually and that race is not the deciding factor.

Most recently, Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard (2023) effectively ended race-conscious admissions, but there are some important points to know:

• Holistic review is still legal, so colleges can evaluate life experiences, challenges, character, and contributions.
• Students can write about how race has shaped their experiences in essays or personal statements, even though race cannot be a standalone factor.

Today, colleges continue to use individualized review processes while maintaining strong academic expectations. Your story, your growth, and your resilience all matter just as much as your GPA or test scores.

When it comes to evaluating college applicants, admissions officers want you to show depth, reflection, and authenticity.

Here are proven ways to make your application stand out in the holistic admissions process:

Focus on quality rather than quantity in every part of your application. When it comes to extracurricular activities, admissions officers value depth and commitment more than a long list of clubs. Showing leadership, skill development, or meaningful impact highlights your passion and focus.

Use your essay to show your voice, values, and thinking. Instead of just listing accomplishments, reflect on what you learned, how they changed your perspective, and why they matter. Admissions officers want to get to know you, not just your resume.

Get recommendations from teachers, mentors, or supervisors who can talk about your character, work ethic, and growth. Good letters do more than mention grades; they show how you work with others, solve problems, and keep going through challenges.

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